Surgery and Transplantation

Paediatric Surgery is the branch of surgery that involves the surgery of foetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. It provides the highest quality care for young patients requiring surgery. Paediatric surgeons perform inpatient and outpatient surgeries, as well as pre-surgical testing and patient consultations to determine the need for an operation. Subspecialties of paediatric surgery include: neonatal surgery and fetal surgery.

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Fetal surgery
Pediatric Dermatologic Surgery
Maternal & Child Medical Care
Congenital Malformations
Abdominal Wall Defects
Chest Wall Deformities
Childhood Tumors
Separation of Conjoined Twins

Cardiac surgery, also called heart surgery, involves surgical operations performed on the heart under to correct life-threatening conditions by Cardiologists. The surgery can be either open-heart surgery or minimally invasive surgery depending on the condition to be corrected. The purpose of cardiac surgery is to improve the quality of life of the patient and to extend the patient's lifespan.

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Congenital Heart Defects
Coronary Artery Disease
Arrhythmias
Aneurysm Repair
Heart Valve Defects
End-stage Heart Failure Requiring Heart Transplantation

Neurosurgery mainly focuses on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. It constitutes a medical discipline and surgical specialty that provides care for adult and paediatric patients in the treatment of pain or pathological processes that may modify the function or activity of the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, the supporting structures of these systems, and their vascular supply by Neurologists.

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Pediatric Neurosurgery
Spinal Neurosurgery
Skull Base Neurosurgery
Oncology Neurosurgery
Neurotrauma/Critical Care
Pain Management Neurosurgery
Endovascular Neurosurgery

Orthopaedic surgery is the branch of surgery deals with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system by orthopaedic surgeons. They use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumours, and congenital disorders.

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Total Joint Reconstruction (Arthroplasty)
Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Skull Reconstruction
Pediatric Orthopedics
Foot and Ankle Surgery
Spine Surgery
Musculoskeletal Oncology
 Surgical Sports Medicine
Orthopedic Trauma

ENT Surgery is the branch of surgery concerned with the medical and surgical treatment of the ears, nose and throat by ENT Surgeons. Their skills include diagnosing and managing diseases of the sinuses, larynx (voice box), oral cavity, and upper pharynx (mouth and throat) and adjacent structures of the head and neck.

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 Ear Infection
Hearing Loss
Ear, Face, or Neck Pain
Dizziness
Ringing in the Ears
Sinus Disorder
Nose Bleed
Stuffy Nose
Loss of Sme

Plastic Surgery is a surgical area that deals with renovation of body and facial defects because of birth ailments, injuries and trauma. It is also involved with the enhancement of the appearance of a person through cosmetic surgery. Plastic surgery is used to correct physical imperfections and to rebuild parts of the body that have been damaged by trauma or disease by the Plastic Surgeons

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Burn Repair Surgery
Congenital Defect Repair: Cleft Palate, Extremity Defect Repair
Lower Extremity Reconstruction
Hand Surgery
Breast Reconstruction
Scar Revision Surgery
Facial Rejuvenation

Microsurgery is a general term for surgery requires an operating microscope. The most obvious advances have been procedures established to allow anastomosis of successively smaller blood vessels and nerves (typically 1 mm in diameter) which have allowed transfer of tissue from one part to another part of the body and re-attachment of severed parts. Microsurgical techniques are utilized by several specialties, such as: general surgery, ophthalmology, orthopaedic surgery, gynaecological surgery, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, podiatric surgery and paediatric surgery.

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Blood Vessel Repair
Vein Graft
Nerve Grafting
Nerve Repair

Colorectal surgery is a division of surgery, dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon. The field is also known as proctology, but the latter term is now used infrequently within medicine, and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. It repairs injury to the colon, rectum, and anus over a variety of procedures that may have little or great long-term consequence to the patient. It may also involve surgery to the pelvic floor to repair hernias. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists.

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Laparoscopic and Open Colectomy
Proctocolectomy with Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis
Resection of Colon and/or Rectum
Surgery for Polypoid Disease of the Colon and Rectum
Internal-Lateral Sphincterotomy
Park Procedure

Transplant surgery is done for ailments that have not improved with other medical treatments and have led to organ failure. Transplant surgery is generally reserved for people with end-stage disease who have no other options. Before transplant surgery it is needed to know the patient's age, general physical condition, diagnosis and stage of the disease. Transplant surgery is not recommended for patients who have poor leg circulation, cancer or chronic infections, liver, lung or kidney problems.

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Kidney Transplants
Liver Transplants
Heart Transplants
Lung Transplants
Pancreas Transplants
Intestine Transplants
Hair Transplant

Vein ligation and stripping is a minor surgery. It is used to take out a damaged vein and avoid complications of vein damage. If several valves in a vein and the vein itself are severely damaged, the vein is removed. An incision is made below the damaged vein, a stretchy device is threaded up the vein to the first incision and then the vein is gripped and detached. Through this surgery, one or more than one incisions are made over the damaged veins, and the vein is tied off. During surgery in case the ligation cuts off a defective valve and the vein and valves below the defective valve are healthy, the vein may be left in place to continue circulating blood through other veins that still have valves that work well.

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Sclerotherapy
Laser Surgeries
High Ligation and Vein Stripping
Catheter-Assisted Procedures Using Radiofrequency or Laser Energy
Ambulatory Phlebectomy
Endoscopic Vein Surgery

Surgery is the ancient form of cancer treatment, and for most patients, part of the curative plan includes surgery. The goals of the surgical oncologist are to remove the cancer and an area of healthy tissue surrounding it, also known as a clear margin or clear excision, in order to avert the cancer from recurring in that area. Sometimes it is not possible to remove the whole tumour, and a surgery known as "debunking" is done to remove as much of the tumour as possible and to relieve indications such as airway obstruction, pain, or bleeding. However the influence of the surgical oncologist goes beyond what is done on the day of surgery itself. As part of the multidisciplinary care team, he or she provides expert opinion about biopsy techniques, optimal image guidance, the likelihood of achieving clear margins, and what role there is if any for surgical management of more advanced disease.

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Laparoscopic Surgery
Laser Surgery
Cryosurgery
Endoscopy
Microscopically Controlled Surgery

Bariatric surgery is performed on the stomach or intestine to relief an individual with extreme obesity loses weight. Bariatric surgery is a preference for people who have a body mass index (BMI) above 40. It is also an option for people with a BMI between 35 and 40 who have health problems like type II diabetes or heart disease. Two basic types of bariatric surgeries are there: restrictive surgeries and malabsorptive surgeries. Restrictive surgeries work by physically restricting the size of the stomach and slowing down digestion. Malabsorptive surgery is more offensive surgery in addition to reducing the size of the stomach, remove portions of the digestive tract, interfering with absorption of calories.

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Biliopancreatic Diversion
Jejunoileal Bypass
Endoluminal Sleeve
Adjustable Gastric Band
Sleeve Gastrectomy
Intragastric Balloon
Gastric Plication

Laparoscopic surgery is a specific technique for performing surgery was commonly used for gall bladder surgery and for gynaecologic surgery. Over the last 10 years the use of this technique has expanded into intestinal surgery. In traditional “open” surgery the surgeon uses a single incision to enter into the abdomen. Laparoscopic surgery uses several 0.5-1cm incisions. Each incision is called a “port” and at each port a tubular instrument known as a trochar is inserted.  Specialized instruments and a special camera known as a laparoscope are passed through the trochars during the procedure. In this procedure, at first the abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas to provide a working and viewing space for the surgeon. The laparoscope transmits images from the abdominal cavity to high-resolution video monitors in the operating room. During the operation the surgeon watches detailed images of the abdomen on the monitor. This system permits the surgeon to achieve the same operations as traditional surgery but with smaller incisions.

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Hysterectomy or Removal of the Uterus
Removal of the Ovaries
Removal of Ovarian Cysts
Removal of Fibroids
Blocking Blood Flow to Fibroids
Endometrial Tissue Ablation, Which Is a Treatment for Endometriosis
Adhesion Removal

Urology surgery is the incorporation of surgical actions for the pelvis-the colon, gynaecological organs, urogenital and mostly for the treatment of obstacles, dysfunction, malignancies, and inflammatory ailments. Urology has usually been on the cutting edge of surgical technology in the field of medicine, including minimally invasive robotic and laparoscopic surgery, laser-assisted surgeries, and a host of other scope-guided procedures by Urologists. They have practice in open and minimally invasive surgical practices, employing real-time ultrasound guidance, fibre-optic endoscopic tools and several lasers in the treatment of multiple benign and malignant conditions.

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Renal (Kidney) Surgery
Kidney Removal ( Nephrectomy )
Surgery of THE Ureters, Including Ureterolithotomy
Bladder Surgery
Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
Prostatic Surgery, Removal of the Prostate
Testicular (Scrotal) Surgery
Urethra Surgery

Gynaecological surgery is a branch of surgery performed on the female reproductive which includes techniques for benign conditions, cancer, infertility, and incontinence. Gynaecologic laparoscopy is an alternative to open surgery. It uses a laparoscope to look inside your pelvic area. Open surgery often requires a large incision. Gynaecology Surgery may occasionally be performed for elective or cosmetic purposes by the Gynaecologists.

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Uterine Myomectomy
Oophorectomy
Salpingectomy
Vulvectomy
Colporrhaphy
Cervical Cerclage
Hysterotomy
Salpingoophorectomy
Labiaplasty
Tubal Reversal
Vaginectomy
Hymenorrhaphy

Eye surgery is also known as ocular surgery performed on eye or its adnexa by ophthalmologists. The eye is a fragile organ, and requires extreme care before, during, and after a surgical procedure. An expert ophthalmologist is responsible for selecting the suitable surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the essential safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts. Today it continues to be a widely practiced type of surgery, having developed various techniques for treating eye problems.

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Laser Eye Surgery
Cataract Surgery
Glaucoma Surgery
Canaloplasty
Refractive Surgery
Corneal Surgery
Vitreo-Retinal Surgery
Eye Muscle Surgery
Oculoplastic Surgery
Eyelid Surgery

Laser surgery is a type of surgery that uses a laser to cut tissue or remove a surface lesion such as a skin tumour. There are a number of different types of lasers that differ in emitted light wavelengths and power ranges and in their ability to clot, cut, or vaporize tissue. The frequently used lasers are the YAG laser, the pulsed-dye laser, the argon laser, the CO2 laser, the exciter laser, the KTP laser, and the diode laser. Laser surgery is commonly used on the eye. Methods used include LASIK, which is used to correct near and far-sightedness in vision, and photorefractive keratectomy, a procedure which permanently reshapes the cornea using an exciter laser to remove a small amount of the human tissue.

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Thermal Laser Therapy
Interstitial Laser Photocoagulation
Photodynamic Therapy
Neoplasia of Hollow Organs
Neoplasia of Solid Organs

Hand surgery is the field of medicine which comprises the preservation, investigation and renovation by surgical, medical, and rehabilitative means of entire structures of the upper extreme directly affecting the procedure and function of the hand and wrist. For certain hand injuries, a better result can be achieved with arthroscopic surgery obtained by the highly skilled surgeons. In fact it is a minimally invasive method that permits specialists to analyse hand injuries or disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, without making large incisions.

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Hand Injuries
Carpometacarpal Bossing
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Congenital Defects

Craniofacial surgery is the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery and plastic and reconstructive surgery that deals with congenital and acquired deformities of the skull, head, neck, face, jaws and associated structures. Though craniofacial treatment frequently comprises manipulation of bone, craniofacial surgery is not tissue-specific. Craniofacial surgeons deal with skin, bone, muscle, nerve, teeth, and other related anatomy. Defects typically treated by craniofacial surgeons include rare craniofacial clefts, cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, acute and chronic sequellae of facial fractures, micrognathia, Treacher Collins Syndrome, Apert's Syndrome, Craniofacial microsomal, Crouzon's Syndrome, microtia and other congenital ear anomalies, and many others.

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Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery
Craniosynostosis Surgery
Canthopexy Surgery
Autogeneous Bone Grafting for Orbital Floor Fracture
Osseous Genioplasty
Endoscopic Plastic Surgery

Vascular surgery is the branch of surgery in which surgery is performed by medical therapy, surgical reconstruction and minimally-invasive catheter procedures diseases of the vascular system, veins, arteries and lymphatic circulation. The specialty evolved from general and cardiac surgery as well as minimally invasive techniques pioneered by interventional radiology. Vascular surgeons are trained for diagnosing the diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system excluding those of the heart and brain. Cardiothoracic surgeons and interventional cardiologists manage diseases of the heart vessels. Neurosurgeons and interventional neuroradiologists surgically manage diseases of the vessels in the brain.

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Thrombectomy
Vascular Bypass Grafting
Open Aortic Surgery
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair
Thoracic Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Outpatient surgery is also called same day surgery, ambulatory surgery or day surgery. It does not require an overnight hospital stay. Some patients may be admitted to the hospital after certain types of outpatient surgery such as bariatric surgery, joint replacement, or other elective surgery. The motive of the outpatient surgery is to keep hospice costs down, as well as saving the patient time that would otherwise be wasted in the hospital.

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Arthroscopy
Breast Biopsy
Burn Excision/Debridemen
Circumcision
Dental Restoration
Cataract Surgery
Gastric Bypass

Gender reassignment surgery, sometimes called sex reassignment surgery, is implemented to transition individuals with gender dysphonia to their desired gender. People with gender dysphonia often feel that they were born in the wrong gender. A biological male may identify more as a female and vice versa. Surgical transition may include several processes. Males transitioning to females have their testicles and penis removed. The prostate gland may or may not be removed as well. Tissue from the penis is used to construct a vagina and clitoris. Labia – the “lips” adjoining the vagina - can be made from scrotal skin.

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hormone replacement therapy
Facial feminization surgery
Phallectomy
Orchiectomy
Vaginoplasty

Track 24 : Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery or computer assisted surgery is a type of minimally invasive surgery. “Minimally invasive” means that instead of operating on patients through large incisions, we use miniaturized surgical instruments that fit through a series of quarter-inch incisions. It was developed to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery. During this surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to control the instruments, either a direct telemanipulator or through computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that permits the specialist to perform the regular actions associated with the surgery while the robotic arms carry out those movements using end-effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery on the patient.

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Coronary Artery Bypass
Gallbladder Removal
Hip Replacement
Hysterectomy
Kidney Removal
Kidney Transplant
Mitral Valve Repair

A surgical nurse is also known as a scrub nurse, specifies in preoperative care, providing care to patients before, during and after surgery. To become a theatre nurse, Registered Nurses or Enrolled Nurses must complete extra training. There are different areas that scrub nurses can emphasis in depending on which areas they are interested in. There are many different phases during surgery where the theatre nurse is needed to support and assist the patient, surgeons, surgical technicians, nurse anaesthetists and nurse practitioners. Pre-operative, they must help to organize the patient and operating room for the surgery. During the surgery, they assist the anaesthetist and surgeons when they are needed. The last phase is post-operative, enduring that the patients are provided with suitable care and treatments.

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General Surgery
Vascular Surgery
Colo-Rectal Surgery
Surgical Oncology
Orthopaedic Surgery
Urological Surgery
Day Surgery

Trauma surgery is the field of surgery that functions both operative and non-operative supervision to treat traumatic injuries, typically in an acute setting and usually emphases on the abdominal area along with any given 'Emergency' field they may be essential to serve upon by Trauma surgeons. They generally complete residency training in General Surgery and often fellowship training in trauma or surgical critical care. The trauma surgeons are responsible for initially resuscitating and stabilizing and later appraising and dealing the patient.

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Joint Arthroscopy
Bone Fracture Repair
Arthroplasty
General Repairs on Damaged Muscles or Tendons
Corrective Surgery

Patients who are substantially and mentally prepared for surgery tend to have better surgical outcomes. Preoperative training meets the patient's need for information regarding the surgical experience, which in turn may alleviate most of his or her fears. Patients who are more informed about what to expect after surgery, and who have an opportunity to express their goals and opinions, often cope better with postoperative pain and decreased mobility. Preoperative care is extremely important prior to any invasive procedure, regardless of whether the procedure is minimally invasive or a form of major surgery. 

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Anesthetics
Pediatric Anesthesia
Spinal Anesthesia
Epidural Anesthesia
Anesthetic Adjunct
Steroid Anesthetics
Sedation

Transplantation is the transfer (engraftment) of human cells, tissues or organs from a donor to a recipient with the aim of renovating function(s) in the body. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor site to another location

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Clinical Organ Transplantation
Artificial Organs
Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine
Stem Cell Transplantation
Bio materials in Artificial Organs
Transplantation Ethics
Donors
Cost of Transplantation

Organ transplantation is one of the abundant improvements in modern medicine. Organ transplantation is often the only treatment for end state organ failure, such as liver and heart failure. The procurement of organs for transplantation involves the removal of organs from the bodies of deceased persons. This removal must follow legal requirements, including the definition of death and consent.

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Skin Transplantation
Kidney Transplantation
Hair Transplantation
Liver Transplantation
Lung Transplantation
Pancreas Transplantation
Bone marrow Transplantation

The different of transplantations includes Autogenic graft, Syngenetic graft, Xenogeneic graft and Allogeneic graft. Auto-graft and isograft are usually accepted and survives causing a minimum inflammatory reaction. Allografts and xenografts usually undergo necrosis and are rejected due to genetic and antigenic incompatibility.

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Autogenic graft
Syngenetic graft
Homografts
Xenograft

The worldwide general surgery gadgets showcase was esteemed at USD 7.0 billion out of 2016 and is relied upon to achieve an estimation of USD 17.5 billion by 2024, in view of another examination by Grand View Research, Inc. The development of the market is ascribed to the expanding geriatric populace base, government bolster and consistent innovative progressions propelled by the key players